TOM · The Owner's Manual · Old Testament

Lamentations 1

Before you read Lamentations: who, when, why

BOOK 25 OF 66 · OLD TESTAMENT · MAJOR PROPHETS

Hope in the Ashes

AUTHOR
The book does not name its writer. Tradition says Jeremiah, the weeping prophet. See Did Jeremiah Write It?
DATE
Soon after Babylon burned Jerusalem in 586 BC, about 586 to 550 BC.
WRITTEN TO
People whose world has fallen apart, and anyone who has lost something they thought could never be lost.
KEY VERSE
Lamentations 3:22 to 23. Because of the loving devotion of Yahweh we are not consumed, for His mercies never fail. They are new every morning; great is Your faithfulness!
THE OLDEST COPIES OF LAMENTATIONS

The Oldest Copies of Lamentations

The biggest piece of 4QLam, from Qumran Cave 4, copied about 30 to 1 BC. It holds Lamentations 1:1 to 18 and a few words of 2:5. Three more Lamentations scrolls were found near Qumran: 3QLam and 5QLam a and b. See The Lamentations Scrolls. Photo Israel Antiquities Authority, Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.

The Setting

Jerusalem has just fallen. After a long siege, the Babylonian army broke through the wall, burned the temple and the houses, and took the people away to Babylon, 2 Kings 25. Lamentations is five poems of grief written in the ashes. Four of them are alphabet poems. They do not explain the pain away. They bring it to God.

What Went Wrong

  • Sin. Jerusalem has sinned greatly, 1:8. The prophets had warned for years.
  • False Prophets. Their visions were empty and misleading, 2:14.
  • Bad Leaders. The sins of her prophets and the guilt of her priests, 4:13.
  • Trusting the Wrong Friends. Her lovers betrayed her, 1:2 and 1:19; the help they watched for never came, 4:17.

Where to Find Jesus

  • Lamentations 1:12. Is any sorrow like mine? The words are about Jerusalem, but Christians have long heard Jesus on the cross, where people passed by and mocked, Matthew 27:39.
  • Lamentations 3:22 to 23. God's loyal love and new mercies. Jesus came full of grace and truth, John 1:14, and His mercy is new for anyone who comes to Him.
  • Lamentations 3:30. Let him offer his cheek to the one who strikes him. Jesus taught it, Matthew 5:39, and when He was struck He did not strike back, Matthew 26:67 and 1 Peter 2:23.
  • Lamentations 5:21. Restore us to Yourself. Jesus came to bring people back to God, 2 Corinthians 5:18 to 19.

Cool Stuff Most People Miss

  • Alphabet Poems. Chapters 1, 2 and 4 have 22 verses, one for each Hebrew letter. Chapter 3 has 66, three for each letter. Chapter 5 has 22 verses but no letters.
  • Pe Before Ayin. In chapters 2, 3 and 4 the letter Pe comes before Ayin, the other way around from the usual order. In the oldest scroll, 4QLam, chapter 1 does it too. Some very old Hebrew alphabets written on pottery have the same order.
  • Read Every Year. Jews read Lamentations every year on Tisha B'Av, the day that remembers the fall of both temples. See Tisha B'Av.
  • One Red Line. God's own words show up only once, when the poet remembers Him saying Do not be afraid, 3:57.

How Does It End?

With a prayer, not a happy ending. Restore us to Yourself, O Yahweh, 5:21. But the hope is real: about fifty years later Cyrus let the exiles go home, Ezra 1, and the temple was built again.

Chapter 1 in 30 seconds

Jerusalem sits alone like a widow and cries all night. Her friends are gone and nobody comes to the feasts anymore. The hardest part: she knows she brought it on herself.

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How Lonely Lies the City!// 2 Kings 24:10–17

א ALEPH

1How lonely lies the city,

once so full of people!

She who was great among the nations

has become a widow.

The princess of the provinces

has become a slave.

  • LAM 1:1[FULFILLS]Jerusalem's men would fall by the sword and Zion would sit in ruin ← IS 3:25-26MEDIUM
  • LAM 1:1[NOTE]HOW! The Hebrew name of the book is Eikhah, How!, its first word. It is the cry of someone who cannot believe what happened. 2:1 and 4:1 start the same way.
  • LAM 1:1[NOTE]AN ALPHABET POEM. Chapters 1 to 4 are written in the Hebrew alphabet, one letter after another, like an ABC poem. The small letters above the verses show it. Grief from A to Z.

ב BETH

2She weeps aloud in the night,

with tears upon her cheeks.

Among all her lovers

there is no one to comfort her.

All her friends have betrayed her;

they have become her enemies.

  • LAM 1:2[NOTE]NO ONE TO COMFORT HER. These words come five times in chapter 1, 1:2, 9, 16, 17 and 21. Her lovers are the nations Judah trusted instead of God, like Egypt.

ג GIMEL

3Judah has gone into exile

under affliction and harsh slavery;

she dwells among the nations

but finds no place to rest.

All her pursuers have overtaken her

in the midst of her distress.

  • LAM 1:3[NOTE]INTO EXILE. Babylon took the people away in waves, in 605, 597 and 586 BC, Daniel 1 and 2 Kings 24 and 25. The poet writes after the last one, when Jerusalem burned.

ד DALETH

4The roads to Zion mourn,

because no one comes to her appointed feasts.

All her gates are deserted;

her priests groan,

her maidens grieve,

and she herself is bitter with anguish.

ה HE

5Her foes have become her masters;

her enemies are at ease.

For Yahweh has brought her grief

because of her many transgressions.

Her children have gone away

as captives before the enemy.

  • LAM 1:5[NOTE]WHY IT HAPPENED. The book is honest: Yahweh brought this grief because of her many sins. The prophets had warned for years, Jeremiah 25:8 to 11.

ו WAW

6All the splendor has departed

from the Daughter of Zion.

Her princes are like deer

that find no pasture;

they lack the strength to flee

in the face of the hunter.

ז ZAYIN

7In the days of her affliction and wandering

Jerusalem remembers all the treasures

that were hers in days of old.

When her people fell into enemy hands

she received no help.

Her enemies looked upon her,

laughing at her downfall.

ח HETH

8Jerusalem has sinned greatly;

therefore she has become an object of scorn.

All who honored her now despise her,

for they have seen her nakedness;

she herself groans and turns away.

  • LAM 1:8[NOTE]SHAMED. Jerusalem is pictured as a woman disgraced in front of everyone. It is a picture of shame, not a story about one person.

ט TETH

9Her uncleanness stains her skirts;

she did not consider her end.

Her downfall was astounding;

there was no one to comfort her.

Look, O Yahweh, on my affliction,

for the enemy has triumphed!

  • LAM 1:9[NOTE]LOOK, O YAHWEH. From 1:9 on, the city herself breaks in and speaks, like a woman telling God and the world about her pain.

י YODH

10The adversary has seized

all her treasures.

For she has seen the nations

enter her sanctuary—

those You had forbidden

to enter Your assembly.

  • LAM 1:10[NOTE]HER SANCTUARY. The temple. The Babylonians walked into the place where only priests could go and carried off its bronze, silver and gold, 2 Kings 25:13 to 17.

כ KAPH

11All her people groan

as they search for bread.

They have traded their treasures for food

to keep themselves alive.

Look, O Yahweh, and consider,

for I have become despised.

ל LAMEDH

12Is this nothing to you, all you who pass by?

Look around and see!

Is there any sorrow like mine,

which was inflicted on me,

which Yahweh made me suffer

on the day of His fierce anger?

  • LAM 1:12[FORESHADOW]Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? Is any sorrow like my sorrow → MT 27:39; MK 15:29MEDIUM

מ MEM

13He sent fire from on high,

and it overpowered my bones.

He spread a net for my feet

and turned me back.

He made me desolate,

faint all the day long.

נ NUN

14My transgressions are bound into a yoke,

knit together by His hand;

they are draped over my neck,

and the Lord has broken my strength.

He has delivered me into the hands

of those I cannot withstand.

ס SAMEKH

15The Lord has rejected

all the mighty men in my midst;

He has summoned an army against me

to crush my young warriors.

Like grapes in a winepress,

the Lord has trampled the Virgin Daughter of Judah.

  • LAM 1:15[NOTE]THE WINEPRESS. Grapes were crushed under bare feet to make wine. It is a picture of judgment, used again in Isaiah 63:3 and Revelation 14:19 to 20.

ע AYIN

16For these things I weep;

my eyes flow with tears.

For there is no one nearby to comfort me,

no one to revive my soul.

My children are destitute

because the enemy has prevailed.

פ PE

17Zion stretches out her hands,

but there is no one to comfort her.

Yahweh has decreed against Jacob

that his neighbors become his foes.

Jerusalem has become

an unclean thing among them.

צ TZADE

18Yahweh is righteous,

yet I rebelled against His command.

Listen, all you people;

look upon my suffering.

My young men and maidens

have gone into captivity.

  • LAM 1:18[NOTE]YAHWEH IS RIGHTEOUS. Even in her worst pain, Jerusalem says God did nothing wrong. I rebelled. That honesty is the first step back.

ק KOPH

19I called out to my lovers,

but they have betrayed me.

My priests and elders

perished in the city

while they searched for food

to keep themselves alive.

ר RESH

20See, O Yahweh, how distressed I am!

I am churning within;

my heart is pounding within me,

for I have been most rebellious.

Outside, the sword bereaves;

inside, there is death.

  • LAM 1:20[NOTE]MY HEART IS POUNDING. The Hebrew says my heart is turned over inside me. I am churning within means, word for word, my insides are boiling. The insides were the place of the deepest feelings.

ש SIN

21People have heard my groaning,

but there is no one to comfort me.

All my enemies have heard of my trouble;

they are glad that You have caused it.

May You bring the day You have announced,

so that they may become like me.

ת TAW

22Let all their wickedness come before You,

and deal with them

as You have dealt with me

because of all my transgressions.

For my groans are many,

and my heart is faint.

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